Linking words and cohesion
Connect ideas smoothly without sounding mechanical.
Why it matters
Coherence and Cohesion is a quarter of your writing score. At Band 6, cohesive devices are 'used to some good effect' but cohesion 'may be faulty or mechanical'; at Band 7, 'a range of cohesive devices including reference and substitution is used flexibly but with some inaccuracies or some over/under use'. Variety and accuracy matter more than quantity.
The rules
Adding: furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more.
Moreover, cycling reduces congestion.
Contrasting: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast.
In contrast, rural areas saw little change.
Cause and result: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus.
As a result, house prices rose.
Examples and clarification: for instance, to illustrate, in other words.
For instance, Singapore charges drivers to enter the centre.
Model sentences
- Admittedly, online courses are cheaper. Nevertheless, they rarely match the motivation of a classroom.
- Several countries have reduced waste through deposit schemes. Germany, for example, recycles over 95% of plastic bottles.
- Consequently, the burden falls on younger taxpayers.
Common mistakes
Incorrect: On the other hand, it is cheap. (with no first hand)
Correct: On the one hand… On the other hand…
'On the other hand' introduces a contrasting side, not a new point.
Incorrect: Besides, moreover, the cost is high.
Correct: Moreover, the cost is high.
One linker at a time.
Incorrect: Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly… Lastly… (every paragraph)
Correct: Vary the openings; use referencing instead.
Over-use looks mechanical and is capped at Band 6.
Band tip
Check yourself
Choose: 'Fees are high. ___, many students take loans.' (However / Consequently)
Consequently
Replace 'But' formally: 'Cars are convenient. But they pollute.'
However, they pollute. / Nevertheless, they pollute.
Add an example linker: 'Some cities ban cars. ___, Oslo has removed most central parking.'
For example / For instance / To illustrate